There is increasing evidence that agroforestry is an effective option for restoration of mosaic landscapes that include farmland. However, in the transition from landscape-level planning and prioritization of restoration interventions to implementation, several issues arise that may limit the scope and success of farmer-led interventions. The objectives of this session are (a) to stimulate structured debate about the challenges to development of a comprehensive approach to agroforestry-based restoration (b) based on this, generate new insights that can contribute to development of such an approach, both through better defining the role of agroforestry in FLR and the enhancement of praxis.Many of the issues referred to above, and indeed the most fundamental of them, concern the actors involved and the tradeoffs between restoration of ecological functions and the maximization of provisioning ecosystem services; ‘trade-offs’ because, in a smallholder context, these do not necessarily go hand-in-hand.Our session will invite exploration of the following broad subjects that are related to these key issues and which drive and mediate restoration outcomes, in particular farmers’ socio-ecological resilience: tenure; land and tree rights; financing and markets (including value chains for on-farm tree products; and access to knowledge.The session will also cover methodological and technical aspects related to the design and implementation of agroforestry interventions. These aspects, including species selection, germplasm availability, combination of practices and technologies to suit actors’ capacities and purposes, can undermine the final outcome and how agroforestry interventions integrate with other restoration actions at the landscape level.