Criteria

Criteria used to select villages:

•	Potential villages identiﬁed ﬁrst through existing base maps and national census statistics
•	Characteristics later checked in the ﬁeld and through discussions with local partners
•	In Kapuas Hulu, Borneo, it was sometimes diﬃcult to ﬁnd 10 villages within a 10 km² square sample
•	In Jambi, Sumatra, the density of villages is higher
•	Dusun (hamlets) are treated as separate villages
•	In Borneo researchers tried to ensure a balance between villages according to the distance to the road and market access
•	In Sumatra researchers tried to ensure a balance between traditional local villages and new settlements inhabited mainly by migrants