Restoration 
Plantations and tree crop commodities 
Enhanced nutrition and food security 
Biodiversity, safeguarding and conservation 
Nationally determined contributions 
Bioenergy and biomaterials 
Blue carbon and peatlands 
Climate change adaptation 
Landscape governance 
Gender 
Silvopastoral systems 
Market-based agroforestry-forestry 
Farm-forest policy interface 
Agroecology 
Livelihood trajectory modelling and assessment 
Inclusive finance and business models 
Innovating finance for sustainable landscapes 
Public and private commitments to zero deforestation 
Orphan tree crops 
Effectiveness of approaches to sustainable supply 
Quality of FTA research for development 
Sentinel landscapes 
Foresight 
Seeds and seedlings delivery systems 
Smallholder tree-crop commodities 
| This research theme’s theory of change rests on three interrelated assumptions that: | |
| • | The current management of tree cover on farms, in pastures and at forest margins can be improved, contributing to sustainable intensification of livelihoods through higher total factor productivity, leading to higher food and nutrition security; |
| • | Smallholders and particularly women can achieve higher returns from tree and forest products by better marketing and processing, thereby increasing their income; |
| • | People (especially women, young people and other marginalized groups) can participate more in, and benefit more from, using tree and forest resources if policies, legislation and institutions affecting their use are reformed to enable this, including financing investment to establish trees. |
Through embedding some of its research within the scaling-up process, this research theme simultaneously accelerates impact for development partners while enabling research to be conducted at the scale at which FTA aspires to make impact.