Restoration 
Plantations and tree crop commodities 
Enhanced nutrition and food security 
Biodiversity, safeguarding and conservation 
Nationally determined contributions 
Bioenergy and biomaterials 
Blue carbon and peatlands 
Climate change adaptation 
Landscape governance 
Gender 
Silvopastoral systems 
Market-based agroforestry-forestry 
Farm-forest policy interface 
Agroecology 
Livelihood trajectory modelling and assessment 
Inclusive finance and business models 
Innovating finance for sustainable landscapes 
Public and private commitments to zero deforestation 
Orphan tree crops 
Effectiveness of approaches to sustainable supply 
Quality of FTA research for development 
Sentinel landscapes 
Foresight 
Seeds and seedlings delivery systems 
Smallholder tree-crop commodities 
The objectives of this chapter are: (i) to link the conceptual definition of ES with implementable indicators and methods to quantify ES useful for monitoring, and (ii) review tools for a landscape approach to ecosystem structure and function that is consistent with the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment ES concepts. Throughout this chapter we use the term ecosystem services (ES) to describe the four services: provisioning, regulating, cultural and supporting provided by ecosystems, while the environmental services as ecosystem services minus the provisioning services.
Authors:
Lusiana, B.; Kuyah, S.; Öborn, I.; van Noordwijk, M.
Subjects:
ecosystem services, incentive
Publication type:
Chapter-R, Publication
Year:
2017
