Restoration 
Plantations and tree crop commodities 
Enhanced nutrition and food security 
Biodiversity, safeguarding and conservation 
Nationally determined contributions 
Bioenergy and biomaterials 
Blue carbon and peatlands 
Climate change adaptation 
Landscape governance 
Gender 
Silvopastoral systems 
Market-based agroforestry-forestry 
Farm-forest policy interface 
Agroecology 
Livelihood trajectory modelling and assessment 
Inclusive finance and business models 
Innovating finance for sustainable landscapes 
Public and private commitments to zero deforestation 
Orphan tree crops 
Effectiveness of approaches to sustainable supply 
Quality of FTA research for development 
Sentinel landscapes 
Foresight 
Seeds and seedlings delivery systems 
Smallholder tree-crop commodities 
Globalisation and market and financial liberalisation have increased the exposure of forests to global trade and investment, which has aggravated the historical trends of deforestation and forest degradation.
The main forces that compete with REDD+ include a growing integration of food, energy and financial markets, an increasing level and volatility of commodity prices, and a new wave of large-scale investments in agriculture.
For REDD+ to reduce pressures on forests, while stimulating the transition to more equitable and sustainable development, measures are needed on the supply and demand side to stimulate the adoption of forest-conserving land uses, de-incentivise the conversion of forestlands, and incentivise increased production on non-forestlands.
Authors:
Pacheco, P.; Putzel, L.; Obidzinski, K.; Schoneveld, G.C.
Publication type:
Chapter-R, Publication
Year:
2012
