Restoration 
Plantations and tree crop commodities 
Enhanced nutrition and food security 
Biodiversity, safeguarding and conservation 
Nationally determined contributions 
Bioenergy and biomaterials 
Blue carbon and peatlands 
Climate change adaptation 
Landscape governance 
Gender 
Silvopastoral systems 
Market-based agroforestry-forestry 
Farm-forest policy interface 
Agroecology 
Livelihood trajectory modelling and assessment 
Inclusive finance and business models 
Innovating finance for sustainable landscapes 
Public and private commitments to zero deforestation 
Orphan tree crops 
Effectiveness of approaches to sustainable supply 
Quality of FTA research for development 
Sentinel landscapes 
Foresight 
Seeds and seedlings delivery systems 
Smallholder tree-crop commodities 
This chapter reviews evidence on the benefit (co-benefit), cost and risk distribution of various forms of pro-poor PES. We will review the bottom-up perspectives on poverty and the topdown spatial analysis of coincidence of poverty dimensions and ES hotspots, before exploring the empirical evidence on different PES mechanisms and a decision tree to be used in identifying key PES or PES-related entry points in specific landscapes.
Authors:
van Noordwijk, M.; Leimona, B.; Villamor, G.B.
Subjects:
ecosystem services, incentive
Publication type:
Chapter-R, Publication
Year:
2017
