Key messages

• Indigenous women are affected not only by the tenure security of their collective land but also by their status as women; hence, both national law and community norms are of paramount importance.
• Peruvian law protects women and promotes equity in general terms, but not specifically in laws regarding land tenure or for native communities.
• Interviews with government officials responsible for formalizing land in Peru demonstrate less awareness of genderrelated concerns than similar officials in Uganda, Indonesia and Nepal.
• Household survey results show important gender differences in forest use, forest management and decision-making, and in perceptions on the fairness of rules, tenure security and drivers of insecurity related to titling and formalization processes.
• Ways forward include capacity building for women to better participate in formalization processes as well as gender awareness for mainstreaming women's perspectives; gender training and reflection for government, indigenous federations and communities; and greater articulation between government officials and communities, with the support of NGOs and women's organizations and federations.