Key points

• The opportunities provided by rubber cultivation in the Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) have been offset by sustainability challenges, such as low prices, food insecurity, land expropriation, deforestation and a loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services.
• Smallholder rubber has had the greatest success in alleviating poverty while limiting environmental impacts and should be the preferred form of rubber production.
• Improved and extensive credit, technical and extension services are needed to support a robust smallholder sector that cultivates rubber in ways that are economically, socially and environmentally sustainable.
• Large-scale land concessions for rubber should be limited and highly regulated to prevent expropriation of rural people's lands, unfair compensation, deforestation, agro-chemical pollution and exploitative labor practices