Restoration 
Plantations and tree crop commodities 
Enhanced nutrition and food security 
Biodiversity, safeguarding and conservation 
Nationally determined contributions 
Bioenergy and biomaterials 
Blue carbon and peatlands 
Climate change adaptation 
Landscape governance 
Gender 
Silvopastoral systems 
Market-based agroforestry-forestry 
Farm-forest policy interface 
Agroecology 
Livelihood trajectory modelling and assessment 
Inclusive finance and business models 
Innovating finance for sustainable landscapes 
Public and private commitments to zero deforestation 
Orphan tree crops 
Effectiveness of approaches to sustainable supply 
Quality of FTA research for development 
Sentinel landscapes 
Foresight 
Seeds and seedlings delivery systems 
Smallholder tree-crop commodities 
The Land Degradation Surveillance Framework (LDSF) was carried out at four, 100 km2 sites within the Borneo-Sumatra sentinel landscape: Soralangun Sarolangun (SRG) and Merangin in Sumatra, led by the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) and Mentebah, and Batang Lupar in Kalimantan (Borneo), led by the Centre for International Forestry Research (CIFOR). The LDSF is a spatially stratified, randomized sampling design, developed to provide a biophysical baseline at landscape level and a monitoring and evaluation framework for assessing processes of land degradation and effectiveness of rehabilitation measures over time.
Measured variables include: land cover, tree and shrub densities, tree biodiversity, erosion prevalence, infiltration capacity, and an assessment of impact to habitat and occurrence of soil conservation structures.
Soil samples were also collected (320 top [0-20 cm] and sub [20-50 cm] soil samples per site) and were processed in Indonesia. Processed samples were shipped to Nairobi and subjected to infrared spectroscopy and wet chemistry analysis. These combined datasets will be used to assess soil and ecosystem health for the landscape in more detail.